Their energy is high enough to remove orbital electrons from atoms, thus giving rise to positively charged ions and negatively charged electrons.

它们的高能量可把其他原子内的电子撞出原子之外，产生带正电荷的离子及带负电荷的电子。

youdao

So what that means is that we're limited in any atom to having two electrons per orbital, right, because for any orbital we can either have a spin up electron, a spin down electron, or both.

这意味着在一个原子内,每个轨道上可以有两个电子，对吧，因为对任何轨道,我们可以有自旋向上或者自选向下或者两者都有。

youdao

Thus, the researchers mapped the "nodal structure" of the underlying molecule's orbital, essentially sketching an outline of the Spaces that contained electrons.

因此，研究者们绘制了在下面的原子轨道的结点结构，从根本上说是画出了含有电子的空间轮廓。

youdao

So this is just the idea that the most electrons that you can have in a single orbital is two electrons.

这个观点是在一个单个的轨道中,最多容纳两个电子。

麻省理工公开课 - 化学原理课程节选

So, in this case, we're just drawing the molecular orbital diagram for the valence electrons, so we have three for each.

所以在这个例子里面，我们只需要画出,价电子的分子轨道图，所以每个有3个电子。

麻省理工公开课 - 化学原理课程节选

OK PROFESSOR: Valence electrons. OK, sometimes you're going to be asked to draw a molecular orbital diagram where you're asked to include all electrons, and sometimes it will specifically say only include valence electrons.

教授：价电子，有时候你画一幅分子轨道图,有时候要求你画出所有的电子，有时候特别要求,只包括价电子。

麻省理工公开课 - 化学原理课程节选

Once that is done, another laser pulse will jostle the virus from its ground state into an excited state, just as a single atom is excited by moving one of its electrons from a lower to a higher orbital.

ECONOMIST: An old thought experiment may soon be realised

The scattering changed the momentum of the electrons in a way that depends on their original orbital position.

ECONOMIST: Small-scale physics